lunes, 30 de julio de 2007

PSICOLOGÍA DEL FRAUDE

Definiciones de Fraude:

u (Del latín fraus, fraudis).

u Acción contraria a la verdad y a la rectitud, que perjudica a la persona contra quien se comete.

u Engaño hacia un tercero, abuso de confianza, dolo, simulación, etc.

u Obtener algo de valor o evitar una obligación mediante el engaño


Triángulo del fraude (Cressey 59)

Según el autor, para que se produzca, requiere de la confluencia de 3 factores:

Motivación: dada por la necesidad, el reto o el deseo de venganza
También por la presión que bien puede ser originada en la misma empresa como a veces ocurre con el personal comercial o gerencial

Racionalización: el defraudador de alguna manera justifica moralmente el acto ante sí mismo y llega a pensar que hay justicia cuando defrauda.

Oportunidad: dada por el poder, el conocimiento y la habilidad para realizar el fraude, pero sobre todo por la percepción de la oportunidad.


ASPECTOS CLAVES EN PREVENCIÓN:

Reconocer y formular acciones:

• Características psicológicas del defraudador: Búsqueda del propio beneficio a cualquier precio, tendencia a manipular, ambición desmesurada, tendencia a mentir, baja capacidad de autocrítica, tendencia a ocultar los errores y deficiencias, desajuste emocional, resentimiento social y/o con la autoridad.

• Circunstancias personales que favorecen el fraude: necesidades y carencias en un momento dado, crisis situacionales, adicciones

• Aspectos organizacionales que favorecen o previenen la aparición del fraude: clima, cultura, proceso productivo, sistema de recompensas y castigos, sistema de fijación de metas, bienestar, estabilidad laboral

• Sistema de valores de la persona

• Sistema de valores de la organización

• Mensajes directos e indirectos de la organización

• Comportamiento de los directivos y jefes directos

• Autonomía total en decisiones sensibles

• Medidas de control físico

• Control y auditoria de procesos

• Sistema de selección y seguimiento de personal

• Sistema disuasivo, investigación, judicialización


COMENTARIOS DE LOS ASISTENTES:

Los asistentes presentaron diversidad de casos y concluyeron:

El fraude debe prevenirse integralmente

Las organizaciones deben examinar sus procesos para entender como algunos de ellos pueden facilitar el fraude

Así como hay personas defraudadoras hay organizaciones que practican el fraude

Es muy importante auditar el personal outsourcing en términos de características personales, condiciones de contratación, beneficios y trabajo pues estas pueden fomentar el fraude.

Hay ciertos sectores sensibles al fraude como el área comercial, financiera, compras, almacenes, nómina, despachos y transportes.

Se deben identificar los cargos críticos y revisar el Sistema de compensación. Tener en cuenta pago, bonos y beneficios.

Es importante tener en cuenta el fraude en pruebas psicológicas, hoja de vida y visita domiciliaria, el proceso de selección requiere su propia auditoria.

Se deben instaurar procesos de seguimiento al personal ya contratado (programas tipo: conozca su empleado.)

Las motivaciones para el fraude no son exclusivamente económicas, pues personas con altos salarios cometen fraude llevados por afán de poder, competencia y venganza.


Los asistentes propusieron como temas para próximos desayunos:

El fraude en los procesos de Recursos Humanos, perfil de los diversos tipos de defraudador y Pruebas psicológicas orientadas a confiabilidad

Quienes deseen el archivo de la presentación completa pueden descargarlo en:
http://groups.google.com/group/Redconfiabilidad

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